Toxicity of gamma aluminium oxide nanoparticles in the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis): histopathological alterations and antioxidant responses in the gill and digestive gland

Abstract

Purpose: Accumulation of Gamma aluminium oxide nanoparticles c-Al2O3 NPs significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicity of c-Al2O3 NPs in aquatic organisms has been limited investigated. This study investigated histopathological changes and antioxidant responses induced by different concentrations of c-Al2O3 NPs in Mytilus galloprovincialis. Material and methods: In this study, mussels were exposed to different concentrations of 5 nm c-Al2O3 NPs (0, 5, 20 and 40 mg/L) for 96 h under controlled laboratory conditions. Gill and digestive gland from mussels were assessed to histopathological (light microscopy, histopathological condition indices, digestive gland tubule types), SOD, CAT, GPx activities. Results: Histopathological indices calculated higher, and significantly different in all exposure groups compared to the control group in gill and digestive gland (p < 0.05). Atrophic phase tubules proportion very high in 20 and 40 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposure groups. No significant changes in CAT activities in the gill and digestive gland (p > 0.05). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities significantly different (p 0.05) in the digestive gland from 20 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposures, and GPx activities significantly different (p < 0.05) in gill from 40 mg/L c-Al2O3 NPs exposures. Conclusion: These results indicate that contamination of c-Al2O3 NPs negatively affects the aquatic organism.